Native American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay

Local American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay It is a since quite a while ago held conviction that Native Americans relocated to the Americas from upper east Asia, several years prior to Europeans showed up. Their way of life and religion went alongside them and were additionally evolved and changed after some time as per nature and district in which they at long last settled. Together we will look at a portion of the distinctive profound and strict convictions and mending methods that have strikingly withstood the trial of time. In present day European and American societies, looking at both mending and otherworldliness would bring about a fairly wide range. In any case, in conventional Native American culture that many despite everything honor today, mending and religion are a lot of connected at the hip. To recuperate the body, one should at the same time mend the spirit. Every mending function start with petition and are driven by a medication man. We will allude to healers by and large as healers instead of medication men or ladies basically in light of the fact that there are dreadfully numerous terms in various dialects and countries that would here and there convert into medication men or ladies. In various Native American societies, healers do significantly more than simply recuperate. They are the profound pioneers of their kin. To an English speaker, a medication is something used to treat ailment or upgrade prosperity. Local Americans acknowledge this definition, yet with regards to conventional culture, the word medication has an a lot more extensive and more extravagant importance. Medication implies the nearness and force encapsulated in or exhibited by an individual, a spot, an occasion, an article, or a characteristic marvel (Cohen, 2003, p. 27, para. 5). Mending and religion, in conventional terms, is profoundly established in the characteristic world. Nature itself has mind blowing recuperating powers. From the numerous trees, plants, and roots that are significant therapeudic fixings, to the straightforward act of strolling along and delighting in the excellence of the gigantic blessing our Great Creator has given us, it is all acceptable medication. Indeed, the act of strolling among nature and permitting your soul to speak with nature has a name; it is called, strolling reality. Strolling reality intends to walk an otherworldly way through life and staying moving; that is, understanding that otherworldliness is dynamic as opposed to detached. The otherworldly individual doesn't ruminate in a cavern sitting tight for edification. Rather, the individual in question qualities what Tibetan Buddhists call reflection in real life, an otherworldliness that is completely drawn in with life (Cohen, 2003, p.92). There is likewise another purpose behind strolling with nature, to find and get herbs, plants, and roots that guide in the recuperating of regular sicknesses. For example, on the off chance that you catch a stomach hurt, you may have a go at biting some pine pitch. Or on the other hand if your youngster creates Thrash, have a go at heating up some bark from a Persimmon tree and utilizing the implantation to wash their mouth (Speck, 1944). There are hundreds, maybe a large number of regular cures that have been utilized for a great many years by indigenous people groups. They may sound completely ludicrous to an advanced doctor, however one must regard the way that there is an explanation behind their proceeded with use; they work! Another significant idea in Native American mending and religion is finding and understanding your own soul and getting focused in the domain of the sacrosanct. The hallowed circle and the four breezes speak to everything in the regular world. Consider all of things in nature that are circular fit as a fiddle: the sky, mists, stars, the sun, the moon, downpour drops, snowflakes, and even homes of fowls. The advancement of life itself starts, ends up at ground zero, and at long last the soul returns to where it originated from. The four breezes speak to the intensity of nature. The intensity of wind can move, voluntarily, all other fundamental components of nature. The four breezes are likewise demonstrative of breath. We people, and a great deal of different animals, can't live without it yet for a couple of moments. In medication wheels, the four breezes are spoken to by the four headings: north, south, east, and west. Every heading speaks to characteristics that add to otherworldly wellbeing and amicability. East speaks to birth, fresh starts, profound restoration and advancement. The south speaks to development and young vitality. The seeds that are planted in the east come to blossom in the south. The west speaks to the harvest time of life and is a position of profound vision and change. We stand confronting west to express gratefulness to the Great Spirit for all the endowments of life. The west is likewise where we plan for the holy excursion; the excursion our body reclaims to Mother Earth and the excursion of our soul back to the Great Creator or Spirit. North is the heading of shrewdness and mature age. North is the place we look at all of lifes battles and difficulties. We center around the astuteness of ending up at ground zero with life, the exercises of this world and the purging of pollutions made by it, all in anticipation of the following scene. Similarly as medication wheels are situated in places thought about consecrated, all mending must happen in a setting that is helpful for recuperating. Gift and smearing are basic in making the home or setting where mending is to happen prepared. Smirching is taking the debris of foliage, for example, cedar or sage and scouring a modest quantity on all members of a mending service. Smoke from the consuming foliage is permitted to spread through the territory and furthermore waved over the tops of the members. The smoke and fragrance is accepted to help filter the space of poisonous and negative vitality, sentiments, considerations, and spirits. The smell of nature additionally welcomes and invites mending force and positive vitality. Not all plants are expected for smirching and they fluctuate by clan. As indicated by Milne and Howard(2000, p. 545, para. 3) Ceremonies may address explicit ailment and life issues, or they might be prophylactic; they might be expected to improve the reason for anguish, or they might be proposed to upgrade wellbeing, the nature of social connections, and money related prosperity. Supplicating and reciting is a significant fixing in strict services just as mending functions. In customary Native American, supplicating starts and closures every single day. Asking with loved ones is done consistently. Asking mends the soul and fortifies ones confidence. Recuperating drones are normally performed by close relatives who have accumulated around a friend or family member who is genuinely sick. Serenades are likewise performed during reflection meetings, pipe functions, and in sweat lodges. Sweat cabins, or sanitization lodges, are one of the most established of Native American functions. The perspiration hold up is a position of physical and otherworldly sanitization and an event to collective with the extraordinary powers of nature-earth, water, fire, and air-and the Great Spirit who made them (Cohen, 2003). Members sweat away ailment, contamination and negative considerations and vitality. As per Cohen (2003, p. 257, para. 4), The service is commonly isolated into four rounds, after every one of which the entryway fold is quickly opened to allow unneeded powers to out and to permit reviving vitality in. Many go to a perspiration stop service on a week by week premise. It is a position of staggering otherworldly resurrection and mental and enthusiastic lucidity. As of late, clinical anthropologists have investigated the conventional therapeutic acts of Native Americans, how those practices interface with current medication in the United States, and how they are seen and utilized by Native Americans. One anticipate that has made staggering walks into understanding these distinctions is known as the Navajo Healing Project. One of the most striking manners by which this intricacy is apparent is in the enormous zone of Navajo life wherein religion and otherworldliness are personally laced with human services and recuperating. Without a doubt, mending is the focal subject of Navajo religion, while the hallowed is the focal component in Navajo medication. Similarly as Navajos situate themselves topographically inside a region characterized by four sacrosanct mountains lined up with the four cardinal focuses, today they arrange themselves restoratively in a field of essential association among four methods of recuperating: regular biomedicine, Trad itional Navajo mending, Native American Church (NAC) mending, and Navajo Christian confidence recuperating (Csordas, 2000, p.463, para. 1). Joy has consistently been and will consistently be the best medication. While current doctors center around the fight for the fix to an ailment, local healers feel that it is best for the patient to concentrate on the encouraging points in ones life-family, love, profound wellbeing all the things that carry unadulterated satisfaction to every one of us. Local healers understand that delight of life is the best medication and patients should keep their consideration drawn towards the endowment of life and not towards the repercussions of specific guilty pleasures. The facts confirm that a few things are not genuinely sound yet centering internal and tuning in to our inward soul and letting it direct us is the most ideal approach to remain solid and upbeat; perhaps that is the explanation the Great Spirit gave us twice the same number of ears as mouths. Listening is the way to shrewdness and comprehension. On the off chance that no one but we could blend the moral estimations of Native American healers with the innovation and study of present day medication, we may find a more profound feeling of mending and more grounded medication for all individuals.

Marketing Plan analysis on Forever Living Products Essay

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Media influence on Campaigns

In the ongoing past, there have been a few discussions about how media impacts the conduct of the legislature and how they influence the political scene as a rule. It has been said that broad communications on the off chance that it isn't utilized fittingly, it can mutilate the country’s national plan. In contemporary legislative issues, broad communications assumes a key job in illuminating and advising individuals about politics.They are utilized in numerous countries which are looking for liberal progress in their legislatures. They are generally used to impact the popular feeling on a specific issue. The media ought to stay nonpartisan in political issues however this isn't what occurs in many nations. For instance in America, media are what prop the political field up. Presently the inquiries emerge; do media impact American legislative issues or impact administrative practices? This is the thing that precisely this paper will concentrate on. It will attempt to search for answers to these questions.Politics depend on broad communications for liberal requests, data and control of ‘public opinion’. Media as it has been noted previously, enables residents and is utilized to pressurize the legislature on explicit territories that should be changed. During the 2000 presidential political decision in USA, it was supposedly said that there were issues with the manner in which the media secured and played out their obligations. A few media starved voters with pertinent data they expected to settle on educated decisions (Wayne S. J., 2001)On seventh November 2000, a few TVs and different kinds of media situated in Florida lied that Al Gore had figured out how to win most of the votes in Florida which was a fortress of republicans. It was mind blowing that Gore had won since this state was represented by Bush’s sibling, Jeb. Media with all their obliviousness proceeded to state that Gore was in front of bramble yet this was later explained around evening time by CNN which indicated that hedge had just scooped 52% of the votes while Al Gore had figured out how to get 46% of the considerable number of votes cast (Maisel L. S., 2002)This was sorted out by Gore and his camp to prepare casts a ballot in the west. It was intended to bamboozle voters with the goal that Gore would store up more votes. He knew very well this would have a great deal of hugeness to him. As media houses, you shouldn't show one as the champ except if the uncounted votes are not exactly the quantity of votes that would make the accompanying contender to win. This is one way that media use to misshape the impression of individuals. In spite of the fact that Gore was crushed, he would not acknowledge the outcomes since he had confidence in what was declared before the describing of votes.Most of the huge media in the United States of America are claimed by affluent individuals who own enormous organizations. This is the reason they bargain the occas ions inclusion. TV can have a major effect on certain contender for instance when they give a few competitors more extensive inclusion than others. Additionally exclusions, contortions and biasness in inclusion are something that is normal in USA media. In America it is difficult to get a target report on the issue that is influencing people.Radio stations just as TVs can be utilized to illuminate individuals. For instance in 2000 November fourth, only a couple of days before the presidential surveys, Radio 5’s late night moderator Hayes Brain  and Lehrer Will along with BBC held a program to fix up the issues concerning surveys with the assistance of visitors and distinctive live calls that were made. Essentially, Bush and Al Gore varied in issues concerning international strategy, wellbeing arrangement and trainings. The previously mentioned moderators edified individuals on the characters of a decent pioneer and afterward they asked individuals who they would favor betwe en Al blood and Bush.In 2000 (Wire B., 2006) Bush and Al Gore were picked as the presidential contender for republican and majority rule parties separately in pre-essential decisions. To ensure they developed champs of their separate gatherings, them two visited media houses, purchased publicizing spaces in the every day papers and were highlighted in news more than any other person. There were no questions that this exposure assisted with selling their candidature. The media presentation made them the main key players in the political field. There were other people who needed enough cash to purchase broadcast appointment, and great introduction to make themselves famous. These were competitors like John McCain and Bill Bradley who pulled back themselves from the race after they lost in the essential race on seventh march.Today party pioneers have little effect on voters when contrasted and the most recent correspondence innovation like radios, web messages, satellites and TVs. They have understood that it is simpler to crusade over this most recent innovation than sorting out gathering devotees at neighborhood, state, and national levels. An introduction of one up-and-comer by the media do impact who individuals will decided in favor of in decisions. A few media depend on cash that they gain on political races. That is the cash that legislators pay to media houses. In this way, it is difficult for them to keep away from legislative issues, they can do anything insofar as they gain some money.In October 12, 2004 (Decierico R.E., 2002) paper merchants were utilizing Mr. Jim Dickson, a lobbyist on the American Association of People with Disabilities. He should head out around the nation to lecture the advantages of electronic democratic light screen casting a ballot over paper based democratic. He concurred having gotten cash from the merchants for that purpose.His association got around 26,000 US dollars from the nations casting a ballot organizations however f rom the start he denied having gotten it. This was engineered by the Elections Center in August 2004 out of a gathering that was supported by sellers. Here the people were taken care of with forms of publicity by the sellers. Sellers at that point utilized him to impact the residents on electronic based democratic framework rather than paper based democratic system.Again media critiques can charm voters into taking a specific political bearing this is as per (Wire B., 2006 ) For instance Jesus Esquivel; a writer for the most universal online media contended that John Kerry the then hopeful up-and-comer ought to with new procedures that would welcome on stop all imperialistic and antagonistic objectives that were sought after by Bush’s government. Numerous individuals appeared to concur on this however the assessments of public sentiment reflected otherwise.It was affirmed that he lingered behind in light of the fact that he couldn't understandable well how he contrasted with Bush. The subject of who was at fault was presented. Was it the voters, unworkable USA war approaches in Iraq or the vehicle bombings, decapitations that were going on in Iraq? Some driving papers portrayed Kelly as a float who was unequipped for selling his conclusions outside USA, yet Bush as per them, Bush skilled to sell since he had war strategies. Every one of these publicity stunts which were spread by media houses effectsly affected Kerry.In 2004, the time magazine attempted to impact the presidential political decision for Bush. It had composed a story on the discussion it had between Karl Rovel â€Å"scooter†, lebby, Cooper Matt and Novak R. It was something that could have influenced Bush so a lot and consequently it was left well enough alone. Cooper held up until races were finished with the goal that he could converse with the jury and to people in general on the loose. The outcomes were discharged after Bush succeeded.During the 2004 races, shrubbery and Kerry got various support from the enterprises. It was uncovered by Corp Watch Investigators, for example, live reports and current news unveiled that there were a few subtleties that co-work media didn’t make open. These are stories including huge businesses like tobacco and fund, about the supporters, the profiles of the fundamental contributors, what and why they gave. This implies the data that arrived at people in general was one-sided and manipulated.In 2000 and 2004 political race, web crusade was prominent and was utilized in changing popular government in Washington D.C. Web impacted voters. Online journals, meet ups and gatherings are some of administrations that web offered to the campaigners.Reference:Wayne S. J., 2001: The Road to the White House 2000: The Politics of Presidential  â â â â â â â Election. Bedford/St.Martins (Wads Worth)Maisel L. S., 2002: Parties and Elections in America. The Electoral Process,  â â â â â Rowman and Littlefield.Decier ico R.E., 2002. Ideological groups, Campaigns and Elections: Prentice Hall.Wire B., 2006. Exercises inclined from the 2004 Election.Wire B., 2006, April 20. Botched chance: Gore, Incumbency and Television in  â â â â â â â â Election Media effect on Campaigns In the ongoing past, there have been a few discussions about how media impacts the conduct of the administration and how they influence the political scene when all is said in done. It has been said that broad communications in the event that it isn't utilized suitably, it can twist the country’s national plan. In contemporary legislative issues, broad communications assumes a key job in illuminating and educating individuals about governmental issues. They are utilized in numerous countries which are looking for liberal change in their governments.They are for the most part used to impact the general conclusion on a specific issue. The media ought to stay unbiased in political issues however this isn't what occurs in many nations. For instance in America, media are what prop the political field up. Presently the inquiries emerge; do media impact American legislative issues or impact administrative practices? This is the thing that precisely this paper will concentrate on. It will attempt to search for answers to these questions.Politics depend on broad communications for liberal requests, data and control of ‘public opinion’. Media as it has been noted previously, engages residents and is utilized to pressurize the administration on explicit zones that should be changed. During the 2000 presidential political race in USA, it was purportedly said that there were issues with the manner in which the media secured and played out their obligations. A few media starved voters with important data they n

The Catcher In The Rye An Innocence free essay sample

The Catcher In The Rye: An Artlessness Lost Essay, Research Paper The Catcher in the Rye is a book by J. D. Salinger and the account of a male youngster named Holden Caufield. He is not, at this point guiltless, however presented to the universe. Phoebe, Holden # 8217 ; s sister, is the contrary she is somewhat the unpracticed individual, neer genuinely being presented to the universe outside her defensive air pocket. Holden needs to secure such loved naiveté just found in the children as a protector of the unpracticed individual a barrier in the rye. The Catcher in the Rye is essentially a book about guilelessness. This book shows individuals of two distinct gatherings, the unpracticed individual ( non corrupted by the universe ) and the experient ( both great and malice ) , in their everyday life and work. These unpracticed people incorporate Sally Hayes and Phoebe. Sally gives a false representation of the universe is a huge gathering ( or a cultural point ) , everybody loves her, and that the happiness will neer stop. We will compose a custom article test on The Catcher In The Rye An Innocence or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Phoebe, Holden # 8217 ; s more youthful sister, is guiltless only non rather every piece naif as Sally. Unmistakably she is juvenile and guiltless, due to the lopsided things she likes constantly adjusting her in the middle of name or paying for burping exercises, this she states towards the terminal of their discussion. One who is solidify by and to the universe would non take exercises in burping. P > A stopping board in the rye is a gatekeeper or a protector of the unpracticed individual. The idea and the name are carefully emblematic. The importance is as the children are running careful the rye they do non see the drops in front and the plumb bounce they will do. At the point when they make this # 8220 ; fall # 8221 ; they lose their kid like simpleness. This harvest time could be identified with an ethical situation like perhaps the city in the by and large. Where he/she would be presented to harlotry, intoxication, and potentially sedates. Holden Caufield sees himself destroyed and spoiled by the universe. He has flopped out of school, beverages, and vapor. His demeanor is it is too much late for me. In any case, there is a light emission in his life ; he feels it is his obligation to rescue different children from the universe as a stopping board in the rye. He converses with individuals about his contemplations, individuals like Carl Luce. Carl only brushes it off. Holden genuinely accepts his naming in life is to rescue them from falling and turn them around. Holden appears destinded to be a cultural specialist or a talker who goes to schools. To the children he should non look a long way from the $ 5 entombment talker in the start of the book. Be that as it may, Catcher in the Rye is truly a shocking story of naiveté lost and will remain dubious and smart for decennaries to come.

Precipitation Reactions Essay Example

Precipitation Reactions Essay The motivation behind this analysis is to get comfortable with precipitation responses. As indicated by the course book, precipitation is where a concoction response prompts the arrangement of a strong, which is known as a hasten. These sorts of concoction responses are called precipitation responses. To comprehend the development of a strong in a synthetic response, it is imperative to comprehend the key segments that yield the precipitate.Precipitation responses explicitly happen when watery arrangements of ionic solutes are blended to deliver a strong. The term watery alludes to the condition of the substance, demonstrating that it breaks up in water. At the point when a strong containing particles breaks up in water, the particles discrete and move around autonomously. At the point when two watery arrangements are blended, the arrangement turns into a blended arrangement - one that contains autonomous particles. To figure out what strong, assuming any, is shaped, it is important to foresee the outcome utilizing the standards of solvency. Dissolvability is a solids capacity to break up in water.A solvent strong will promptly disintegrate in water, though an insoluble strong won't break up, or change in manners so little that they are not noticeable to the unaided eye. By realizing the solvency rules of ionic mixes, it is conceivable to know whether a hasten will shape in a response, and what the encourage is.Methods and MaterialsThis test required the blend of a few distinct substances, trailed by perception of the outcomes. To play out these tests, a microtiter plate was utilized to contain the individual drops of substances. The substances gave incorporated the accompanying solutes: sulfuric corrosive, hydrochloric corrosive, silver nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chromate, lead acetic acid derivation, sodium sulfate, and barium chloride.Using pipets, these solutes were painstakingly blended on the microtiter plate, which was utilized as a response chamber. Cautiously, the reagents were scattered and blended, while the responses watched and recorded. To find the aftereffects of the responses, it was important to utilize dissolvability rules to foresee the responses. The request for the responses just as the outcomes can be found in Data Table 1.Results and ObservationsTable 1. Reactants and PrecipitatesReactantReactantBalanced EquationPrecipitateSilver Nitrate AgNO3Sodium Chloride NaClAgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)AgClSilver Nitrate AgNO3Hydrochloric Acid HClHCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) HNO3(aq) +AgCl(s)AgClSilver Nitrate AgNO3Sulfuric Acid H2SO4AgNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Ag2SO4(s) + HNO3(aq)Ag2SO4Silver Nitrate AgNO3Sodium Sulfate Na2SO42AgNO3(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) Ag2SO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)Ag2SO4Silver Nitrate AgNO3Sodium Carbonate Na2CO32AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)Ag2CO3Silver Nitrate AgNO3Potassium Carbonate K2CO32AgNO3(aq) + K2CO3(aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2KNO3(aq)Ag2CO3Silver Nitrate AgNO3Lead(II)Acetate Pb(C2 H3O2)2AgNO3(aq) + Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) Ag(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)No PrecipitateSilver Nitrate AgNO3Barium Chloride BaCl22AgNO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)AgClPotassium Carbonate K2CO3Lead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2K2CO3(aq) + Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) K2(C2H3O2)2(aq) + PbCO3(s)PbCO3Potassium Carbonate K2CO3Barium Chloride BaCl2K2CO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) KCl2(aq) + BaCO3(s)BaCO3Potassium Carbonate K2CO3Copper(II)Sulfate CuSO4K2CO3(aq) + CuSO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s)CuCO3Lead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) PbCO3(s) + Na2(C2H3O2)2(aq)PbCO3Lead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Sodium Chloride NaClPb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + NaCl(aq) PbCl2(aq) + Na2(C2H3O2)2(aq)No PrecipitateLead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + Na2(C2H3O2)2(aq)PbSO4Lead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Sulfuric Acid H2SO4Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + H2(C2H3O2)2(aq)PbSO4Lead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Barium Chloride BaCl2Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) PbCl2(aq) + B a(C2H3O2)2(aq)No PrecipitateLead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Hydrochloric Acid HClPb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + HCl(aq) PbCl2(aq) + H2(C2H3O2)2(aq)No PrecipitateLead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2Copper(II)Sulfate CuSO4Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + Cu(C2H3O2)2(aq)PbSO4Barium Chloride BaCl2Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) BaCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)BaCO3Barium Chloride BaCl2Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)BaSO4Barium Chloride BaCl2Sulfuric Acid H2SO4BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + HCl(aq)BaSO4Barium Chloride BaCl2Copper(II)Sulfate CuSO4BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + CuCl(aq)BaSO4Sodium Chloride NaClSodium Carbonate Na2CO3NaCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)No PrecipitateAmmonium Chloride NH4ClLead(II)Acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2NH4Cl(aq) + Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) NH4(C2H3O2)2(aq) + PbCl2(aq)No PrecipitateAmmonium Chloride NH4ClSilver Nitrate AgNO3NH4Cl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq) + AgCl(s)AgClAmmonium Chloride NH4ClCopper(II)Sulfate CuSO4NH4Cl(aq) + CuSO4(aq) NH4SO4(aq) + CuCl(aq)No PrecipitateTable 2. Net Ionic Equations and ObservationsReactantsNet Ionic EquationObservationsAgNO3, NaClAg+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)drops turned overcast whiteAgNO3, HClCl-(aq) + Ag-(aq) AgCl(s)drops turned shady whiteAgNO3, H2SO4Ag+(aq) + Ag+(aq) + SO4-(aq) Ag2SO4(s)developed delicate white particlesAgNO3, Na2SO4Ag+(aq) + Ag+(aq) + SO4-(aq) Ag2SO4(s)developed yellow tintAgNO3, Na2CO3Ag+(aq) + Ag+(aq) + CO3-(aq) Ag2CO3(s)translucent shady white and yellow particlesAgNO3, K2CO3Ag+(aq) + Ag+(aq) + CO3-(aq) Ag2CO3(s)reddish-earthy colored shading changeAgNO3, Pb(C2H3O2)2No encourage formed.no evident changeAgNO3, BaCl2Ag+(aq) + Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Cl-(aq) 2AgCl(s)developed thick shady white colorK2CO3, Pb(C2H3O2)2CO3-(aq) + Pb-(aq) PbCO3(s)developed white particles in yellow liquidK2CO3, BaCl2CO3-(aq) + Ba+(aq) BaCO3(s)solid/shady yellow liquidK2CO3, CuSO4CO3-(aq) + Cu+(aq) CuCO3(s)developed white particles in yellow liquidPb(C2H3O2)2, Na2CO3Pb+(aq) + CO3-(aq) PbCO3(s)turned hazy/foggy whitePb(C2H3O2)2, NaClNo accelerate formed.no obvious changePb(C2H3O2)2, Na2SO4Pb+(aq) + SO4-(aq) PbSO4(s)turned shady whitePb(C2H3O2)2, H2SO4Pb+(aq) + SO4-(aq) PbSO4(s)changed into delicate white colorPb(C2H3O2)2, BaCl2No hasten formed.no clear changePb(C2H3O2)2, HClNo encourage formed.no clear changePb(C2H3O2)2, CuSO4Pb+(aq) + SO4-(aq) PbSO4(s)developed delicate white colorBaCl2, Na2CO3Ba+(aq) + CO3-(aq) BaCO3(s)white precipitation on clear liquidBaCl2, Na2SO4Ba+(aq) + SO4-(aq) BaSO4(s)- (wasnt in class/not recorded)BaCl2, H2SO4Ba+(aq) + SO4-(aq) BaSO4(s)- (wasnt in class/not recorded)BaCl2, CuSO4Ba+(aq) + SO4-(aq) BaSO4(s)- (wasnt in class/not recorded)NaCl, Na2CO3No hasten formed.no evident changeNH4Cl, Pb(C2H3O2)2No hasten formed.no clear changeNH4Cl, AgNO3Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgCl(s)- (wasnt in class/not recorded)NH4Cl, CuSO4No accelerate formed.no obvious changeDiscussionIn this lab, it was clarified, through various substance responses, what precisely happens in a pr ecipitation response. The standard definition peruses that a precipitation response happens when a strong is framed because of the blend of watery particles, which sounds cloud. Be that as it may, the experimentation with a wide range of sorts of substances shows how reliable and unsurprising these outcomes can be. Utilizing dissolvability rules, it is anything but difficult to decide if a hasten will shape, and even realize what the strong is.For model, the compound Silver Nitrate, or AgNO3, joined with HCl, or hydrochloric corrosive, frames the accelerate AgCl, or Silver Chloride. This is known in light of the fact that the dissolvability decides states that NO3 salts are solvent, just as chloride salts. In any case, on account of AgCl, chloride isn't dissolvable. When this data is achieved, it is resolved that AgCl is the hasten, since the rest of the particles H and NO3 break up in water.QuestionsThe solvency rules used to foresee the character of the accelerates shaped in the r esponses of this analysis are general dependable guidelines that remain constant in many occasions. Be that as it may, the particular amount of an ionic strong that will disintegrate in a given amount of dissolvable is represented by the dissolvability or the solvency result of the ionic substance. Utilize your course reading or reference book for every one of these terms.Solubility solvency is physical property of a substance being able to break up in water.Solubility item dissolvability item constants are utilized to depict immersed arrangements of ionic mixes of generally low dissolvability. An immersed arrangement is in a condition of dynamic balance between the broke down, separated, ionic compound and the undissolved solid.Source: www.chem.purdue.edu/ConclusionThough science is an intricate science, exploring different avenues regarding synthetic responses offers an opportunity to encounter and comprehend the reliable functions of the investigation. On paper, it appears just a s the many components and a large number of compound mixes are an interminable mass of troublesome recipes. Through encounters like these analyses, in any case, I can firsthand observer the consistency in compound change, and see precisely how the world capacities. Precipitation opened up another part of science - the capacity to see and ability particles respond in water, and how they respond with one another to frame new solids. Seeing and understanding why compound changes happen changes a perpetual mass of dry equations into a captivating universe of genuine substances found as a general rule.

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Let.com help you with your case study in psychology! Let.com help you with your case study in psychology! During the period of your psychology studies, you will definitely be given a case study assignment. It is basically a profound analysis of a person/patient. Usually, case studies are meant to be used as a substitute for lab research in clinical cases. For undergraduates a case study in psychology revolves around a chosen individual (can be living or imagined) or a character from a film/book/TV series. If you happen to face difficulties with your case study writing, you can always contact BookwormLab.com and ask for professional academic writing assistance! Our expert scholars will be happy to help you create an outstanding case study! Working on a Case Study in Psychology? Psychological case studies are often organized in a similar way, but the requirements of a specific teacher or learning institution must be considered as well. You can use the following format while writing your own case study: Background information. In the introductory section you have to present the clients background and include personal information, such as age, sex, family mental health history, social interactions, family relationships, life goals, character traits and professional skills. Stating the problem. Here you have to give a description of the patients problem or symptoms. Also, include the information about his/her physical and emotional state. Note how the patient reacts to the symptoms. Mention about any diagnostic assessments that have taken place during the case study and provide the results/scores. Give your diagnosis. Explain how you have got to the point, where the diagnosis became clear. Provide reasoning and back it up with evidence from the case. Case Study Psychology: Tips We have included some tips, which would help you throughout the writing process: While writing about your patient, refer to him/her by name. Consider the formatting requirements for citations. Look through some of the examples of famous psychology case studies to gain an idea of how it should be written and formatted. The more abnormal psychology case studies you read, the faster and easier you will get to the point where you understand its concepts and peculiarities. This could also be used as a guideline for you to follow during your own writing process. You may also take a look at and check out some case study psychology samples we have included here. Case Study Psychology Help One of the very first things you need to take into consideration is whether you have completed all the requirements and managed to follow the necessary format. If you find the right approach, your case study writing might turn out to be one of the most rewarding projects. However, if you are still unsure you can handle the writing on your own, then do not hesitate to contact BookwormLab.com and ask for professional assistance! All youve got to do is place your order with us and then we will assign the most suitable writer to help you out with the assignment. Our team of skilled scholars can handle any kind of case study assignment from psychology to nursing case study. So dont waste your time and ensure your academic success right now!

Effects Of The Enlightenment On Modern America - 1592 Words

Regina Hamilton Dr. Ermus WOH1030 22 September 2014 Effects of The Enlightenment on Modern America There are many things that set America apart from the world. Most notably are our political structure, social structure, capitalistic ideals, and the free exchange of ideas and beliefs that were all born from the desire for freedom. After hundreds of years of being told what to do by the Church and the monarchy, there came a time when the people decided that it was time to come out from under the thumb of both, and to become something better. None of this would have been possible if The Enlightenment had not paved the way. The Enlightenment fueled formation of America and continued influencing the evolution of America in to what it is today. During the 1500’s a movement away from traditional Catholicism started to take hold. The most notable figure during this time was Martin Luther. He had ideals that, at the time, were extremely radical. As Gerald Strauss put it, â€Å"His doctrine of the two realms- the kingdom of Christ and the kingdom of the world, derived directly from Augustine – entailed the strictest segregation of things spiritual and things material† (22). He did not believe that the people of the church had any right to control the population at large. He believed that they were meant to be spiritual guides, not rulers, and that they wielded way too much control over the common people. One of the most radical things that he did, which was also the most influentialShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment Principles Of Rationalism And Universal Rights1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment period was a revolutionary time where scientific and rational thought became the chief values of society. Thinkers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were signposts of this era, inspiring populations locally and abroad. This revolution of ideas led to political and societal upheaval throughout the Western world. 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The Argument Of The Euthanasia - 844 Words

I have been taught morals and ways of believing and I never really question my beliefs, Although, after taking this course I have opened my eyes that everyone doesn t think alike and even though we may all look the same we are different. The way we process information and the way we think and believe depends on so many different factors in our lives. I have learned in this class it is good to always keep an open mind and have respect for others opinions. I have learned that about the different point of views with euthanasia, there are many people against it and many people for it. For me being in nursing school I was totally against it because we are supposed to be able to help people but reading the articles I have come to a different perspective and that is there are people who are determined to be terminal and are barely surviving on the hospice care that they are receiving and are still in a tremendous amount of pain. 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For example, autonomy and the inviolability of life, designating how it is probable to argue both for and against euthanasia, correspondingly, on the basis of the identical facet. It suggests â€Å"The account will include suchRead More An Argument for Euthanasia Essay2009 Words   |  9 PagesAn Argument for Euthanasia Euthanasia is defined as, The act or practice of putting to death painlessly a person suffering from an incurable disease. Euthanasia can be traced back as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It was sometimes allowed in these civilizations to help others die. Voluntary euthanasia was approved in these ancient societies. Today, the practice of euthanasia causes great controversy. 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My Career Path For A Nurse - 1388 Words

Most people that I know would be shocked to learn that I didn’t always want to be a nurse. Nursing is a fairly new career path for me, and while I love it now, I have had several things that I could turn into career fields. If I was asked what I wanted to be when I grew up when I was five, I would have told you that I wanted to move to Japan and make video games. I loved them more than anything. I still do. At twelve, I would have said I wanted to be a writer. By sixteen I developed my passion for hair, makeup, and all things beauty related. My love of beauty coincided with my love of art, and while I didn’t take it as seriously, I considered it as a career by seventeen. I toured the University of Cincinnati for their art program, and I†¦show more content†¦With every episode of the diagnostics specialty a patient is introduced and it is the player’s job to uncover the disease afflicting them. 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An Unbroken Agony by Randal Robinson - 1142 Words

In An Unbroken Agony, author Randall Robinson chronicles the history of Haiti from tragedy to triumph. Robinson, a social activist , founder and former president of TransAfrica, an organization of African Americans, that is used to promote constructive U.S policies toward Africa and the Caribbean. Randall Robinson is a distinguished scholar in residence at Penn State Law and Penn State’s School of International Affairs. He is co-producer, creator, and host of the public television human rights series World on Trial, which aims at bringing public awareness to important human rights issues and the international treaties that controls state conduct when dealing with human rights. In An Unbroken Agony, Robinson recounts the history of slaves, who were forced into bondage. Robinson attempts to tell the story of Haiti’s slave revolt against France. Robinson gives a very brief glimpse at the two hundred year history of Haiti following its freedom from France. He tells his story by following dates and specific events beginning with Columbus’ arrival in 1492, leading up to the Kidnapping of Haiti’s President, Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 2004. Aristide’s presidency was intricately connected to his people’s fight and success for independence and self-sufficiency, so his immediate removal from the seat was imperative for other countries to disable Haiti from being a threat to their nations. This action uncovers the forces these nations were willing to use to keep the country suppressed.

Electioneering, Songs and Party Politics in Southwest Nigeria free essay sample

A research effort titled Electioneering campaign, songs and party politics in south western Nigeria Table of contents Abstract Introduction Chapter 1: African music Chapter 2: Background to Nigeria election process Chapter 3: Music and Politics in Nigeria the meeting point Chapter 4: Music and electioneering campaign in south western Nigeria Chapter 5: Other impacts of music Conclusion References Abstract The world faces a wide variety of security and violence threats, Politic and electioneering is one of the major issues on conflict especially in Nigeria. Elections campaigns go with songs which some time results into violence. Music is also a powerful force for political mobilization which can also result into violence due to the textual ability of the songs. The scope of this paper is to look into the introduction of music to the adopted political system and the yorubaland in the south western part of Nigeria pecifically, , effect of songs on the electioneering and campaign process, role of musicians in party politics, songs as a social phenomenon, songs and political violence This paper recommends that songs in party politics should be scrutinize some political jingles and songs before they are aired. That scholars in the field of music should make credible effort towards bringing about positive effect of music on the Nigeria political scene. Also politicians should know that the songs can cause harm and violence and should avoid such. Likewise musicians should compose political songs in the spirit of sportsmanship and for the development of the country. Introduction African music has indeed played big role in objectifying, unifying and bringing peaceful co-existence among African communities. Scholars have opined that the knowledge of the African cultural value systems provides the understanding to interpret African songs and deduce full meanings from the communication experience. Music has always been the most visible attempt employed by ourselves to listen to ourselves. African music is a powerful medium of communication, through which human actions and reactions are expressed. It provides a forum to mirror the society so that members could understand things better and learn more about life. African music focuses on the teaching of morality, building restraints in to the psyche of the public and in settling conflicts. Also it has been asserted that music centers on folklore which crystallizes the history, philosophy, arts and literature of the people. Music is a social organizer. It supervises the operation of established government, assists in the maintenance of the land, safeguards and perpetuates tradition. Furthermore, traditional songs discourages the degeneration of personal or corporate morals, promotes social equity and fights injustice, crowns rulers, welcomes births, buries the dead, enforces rule of law and enlivens different purposes of communal get together. Chapter 1: African Music Music is a universal language of mankind. It is also a product of the creative genius in man. Good music makes this world a desirable place for all. It plays significant roles in shaping the society, takes away sadness and gives us happiness. African music has indeed played big role in objectifying, unifying and bringing peaceful co-existence among African communities. The knowledge of the African cultural value systems provides the understanding to interpret African songs and deduce full meanings from the communication experience. Music always been the most visible attempt employed by ourselves to listen to ourselves. African music is a powerful medium of communication, through which human actions and reactions are expressed. It provides a forum to mirror the society so that members could understand things better and learn more about life. African music focuses on the teaching of morality, building restraints in to the psyche of the public and in settling conflicts. scholars that music centers on folklore which crystallizes the history, philosophy, arts and literature of the people. Music is a social organizer. It supervises the operation of established government, assists in the maintenance of the land, safeguards and perpetuates tradition. Furthermore, traditional music discourages the degeneration of personal or corporate morals, promotes social equity and fights injustice, crowns rulers, welcomes births, buries the dead, enforces rule of law and enlivens different purposes of communal get together. The origin of Nigerian modern music which has been traced to Islamic and European contact. This led to the emergence of highlife music, orchestral works, and vocal works and other forms of traditional music In traditional society, there is no universal language of music in Nigeria. That is, each tribe has a musical language of its own. Hence the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria namely Hausa Igbo and Yoruba each have a music language peculiar to each. The Hausa type of traditional music is the royal music of the emir’s palace or court. An example is the ceremonial music called ‘rok on fada’. It is performed regularly in front of the emir’s palace. Igbo traditional music is strongly tied to extra-musical events which provide a means of expressing group solidarity and beliefs from one generation to another. An example of traditional music in Igbo land includes those that accompany initiation rites into the masquerade cult. While the Yoruba word â€Å"orin† (music) embraces all forms of traditional music in Yoruba culture. Yoruba traditional music consists of both instrumental and vocal music. In other words, when the Yoruba speak of â€Å"music† in its totality, it involves drumming, singing and dancing There are various forms of traditional music in Yoruba land, most of which can be grouped into two: religious music and social or secular music. Religious music is used during indigenous religious festivals in worshipping gods and entertaining the celebrants and their visitors. Some of the major religious music types are Dundun, Bata, Gbedu and Ikoko. Social music on the other hand is basically used in entertaining people during social activities, festivals and engagements. Apala, Sakara, Waka, Fuji, juju, and many others are the most popular forms of social music The Yoruba are a music loving people. No aspect of their life is devoid of music. In joy or in sorrow, time of meeting and departure, time of exhortation or rebuke and so on. There is always music to express the situation. Music among the Yoruba is a reflection of people’s feelings and those feelings center especially around their world view. That the Yoruba enjoy expressing part of their world view through music shows the appealing nature of music in their society Chapter 2:Background to Nigeria election process Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people collectively, and administered by them or by officers appointed by them. No doubt when these set of leaders take over, the entire population of Nigeria was happy to participate in the election to usher in new leaders who would protect their interest and give the succour. The effort to democratize involves matters of constitutional choice which transcends multi-party elections or replacement of one group by another in government. In line with this statement, it becomes imperative to evolve governmental regime which will provide opportunity for all and sundry to contribute in the governing processes which will not destabilize the integrity and effectiveness of the political ideology in Nigeria. It is at this junction that the use of music comes to mind, to mass mobilize the populace into participating in the elections. Music has been tested and wholesomely discovered by people to have the power to educate the people on current burning issues on national policies. The first recorded election in Nigeria took place in 1923 in Lagos and Calabar. This was made possible following the introduction of the Clifford Constitution in 1922, which made provision for four elected members of the Legislative Council, three for Lagos and one for Calabar. The development then directly led to the emergence of political parties in the two prominent cities of Nigeria. The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) was formed and led by Herbert Macaulay while the Calabar Improvement League emerged in Calabar. The political impact of the elections was therefore restricted to Lagos and Calabar with the participation of a minute circle of elites. The rest of the country including the North was left in political darkness until 1946, when the Richard Constitution provided for a Legislative Council that would legislate for the whole country. This consisted of the representatives of the three regions, which had been delimited as separate political units. From 1946, after the introduction of the Richards Constitution and the emergence of regional legislatures, the indirect system of election was used in filling seats at both the regional and central legislatures. The practice continued until 1954 when the Lyttleton Constitution replaced indirect election with direct election as the means of choosing members of the Federal House of Representatives. The indirect election is a system in which the people choose from among themselves the person(s) who in subsequent elections exercised their collective rights to choose the candidates and leaders to represent them. This system was used in picking candidates at elections, especially during the colonial rule in Nigeria. Under this system of election, the adult males in each village came together and chose one person to represent them at the district level. These men now elected one person in order to represent the district at the provincial level. The provincial Electoral College would then elect by secret ballots the specific number of members to represent the province at the Regional Assembly. In the North, the Native Authorities usually selected about ten per cent of the members of the Regional Assembly while the rest were ndirectly elected. The consequent split into three political units, that is the Northern, Western and Eastern Regions, in 1946 under the Richard Constitution led to riotous and acrimonious displays during the elections conducted to fill the regional and central legislatures. The reason was that regionalism introduced ethnic politics. The struggle for power and dominance amon g the major ethnic groups, Hausa/Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo, transformed elections to political battles and created conflicts. In 1960, Nigeria gained political independence. Direct elections were conducted to fill the regional and federal legislatures as well as a considerable numbers of local councils. Ethnic politics was already entrenched in Nigeria as the various pre-independence political parties retained their ethnic identities and the struggle for ethnic dominance became their major pre-occupation during elections. This, they were able to achieve through various ethnic songs, music and dances. This situation reflected in the outcome of the 1959 election, which ushered in the independence constitution of 1960. Notably before 1960, it was one party system in the regions, where dominant ethnic parties had been entrenched, with a multi-party system at the centre. This structure was retained until 1964 when a two-party system evolved at the centre following the emergence of the grand party coalitions namely, the Nigeria National Alliance (NNA) and the United Progressive Grand Alliance (UPGA). Following the civil war, and after almost thirteen (13) years of military rule, Nigeria decided to opt for a presidential system of government and multi-party system. The 1979 Constitution and the subsequent creation of more states, were believed to have doused and extinguished the members of ethnic politics. But all these expectations and hopes were dashed as Nigerian politics in the Second Republic was again haunted by the previous mistakes and failures. The political transition programme that ushered in the Third Republic was a total break away from the practice and norms of the old. The election as witnessed in the Third Republic showed a considerable level of reduction of vices of the past, but not totally and completely eliminated. It also witnessed a greater participation of the people in the grassroots than had hitherto been the case, with frantic efforts made to discourage resort to money politics. Hence, music, dance, songs dominated the electronic media in form of jingles, and at political occasions and rallies in order to win more support of the people. Moreover, these gains in our polity were wiped off with the continual intervention by the military in the political process of the nation. Chapter 3: Music and Politics in Nigeria the meeting point Music and politics have long been connected. Political satire is one form of poetic device used by the people to express their grievances against political office holders. Some of the compositions of music are laden with political messages either for or against an important political personality in the society or its political affiliations. Current events, particularly political developments are continually encoded in popular song texts. Apart from political affiliations, composers of music have also actively participated in political discourse through their music. For instance in political gatherings today, music are the instruments used for canvassing support for aspirants in an election. It is also used to pull down or tarnish the image of opponents. Thus, musicians have brought to the fore, important social, economic and political problems bedeviling the Nigerian states and the Yoruba in particular. Therefore, musicians are in their own right political cum musical enigmas, held in awe by their supporters and can sway political fortunes in favour or against any politician in the society. Even in the developed countries of the world like United states. Music possesses a unique power to inspire, motivate and energize a campaign. And music has been used in campaigns since the founding of the country. George Washington effectively used â€Å"God Save Great Washington† (a parody of â€Å"God Save the King†), Franklin Roosevelt used â€Å"Happy Days Are Here Again† by Milton Ager and Jack Yellen, Dwight Eisenhower used â€Å"They Like Ike† by Irving Berlin and President Barack Obama used â€Å"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I’m Yours† by Stevie Wonder just to name a few of the Presidential campaign success stories. Schorlars contends that ‘no phenomenon void of utility survives in a society; an indication that the presence of music in almost every African society has a formidable role to play’. This viewpoint suggests that human beings have always used music to meet certain societal needs in different circumstances. Contemporary Nigerian musicians use their lyrics to reflect on happenings in society. As such, they become chroniclers of events, recreating the history and culture of their people, commenting on aspects of societal values that have diverged from historical reports, and suggesting ways by which society could be restored to the normal order. In so doing, the musical social critics cannot but resort to employing the tool of satire to deride the prevalence of social ills in a society bid to correct them. This brings to the fore the didactic function of music. The didactic function of music is affected through logical organisation of lyrics and performance practice. Some lyrics are presented in direct or indirect satire through such speech figures as simile, metaphor, alliteration, allusions, and even short anecdote to convey an observation or/and opinion to a witness-audience. In other situations, other activities in performance teach both viewers and participants the coded lesson(s). Music today has been an important tool in the electoral process in Nigeria. Characteristically, a close relationship exists between music and dance since both depend on rhythm. Dance cannot be performed without some form of accompanying music or rhythmic beats. The ineluctable power of music engenders a natural response of the human soul and body which is dance. Rhythm is, therefore, the heartbeat of music and dance, while music is the universal language of the soul. Consequently, since the attainment of independence in 1960, creative artistes have continually made their own contribution to the electoral process in varying ways. The electoral procedures consist of primaries, conventions, campaigns, elections and inauguration. Music has played leading roles in Nigeria in all the facets of electoral process. For instance, music through media coverage/ support has been used to: Educate voters on voting procedures Warn against election malpractices Support the manifestoes of parties or individuals Enlighten the people on the conduct of elections Democracy as a form of government in which every citizen in a state has political investments of political participation and trust. Democracy is usually described as a concept that does not seem to lend itself to any universally accepted definition because of the ideological, cultural and historical contextualization that underpin its meanings. Some scholars has posits that democracy is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide, by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote, independent judiciary, bill of fundamental human rights, a free market economy, and a two or multi-party system, in which every party has a chance of coming to power through periodic elections. On the other-hand, democracy was described as ‘rule by the poeple’. This simply means a popular government. It is difficult to find a government where an individual will be the sole ruler. It is a form of government in which people are allowed to take decisions on issues that affect their lives. It is a system of government in which the masses decide who should lead them. For instance, the electorate during the last electioneering campaign in Ondo State sang their support for the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) as follows: PDP yii le mi o se PDP yii le mi o se Egbe alayo to n kore wa le PDP yii le mi o se. [I will rather be a member of PDP A richly endowed and joyous group. ] Moreover, it is also a system through which the people determine the identity and relevance of every individual in the society. It is a system where popular opinion in respected; a system in which an individual does not exist in the true sense of the word, because an individual’s opinion has to be adopted by the general public before it can be considered as being legitimate. A member of a community, therefore, struggles to establish his relevance by contributing to general society for there lies his own legitimate contribution. Therefore, it is a political system where the will of the majority prevails over that of a group within the body polity. This can only be achieved in a situation where the majority of the people in a political community participate fully in decision making on issues that concern their collective co-existence, whereby the freedom and equality of the citizens is adequately guaranteed and informs all spheres of their existence. This giant stride can only be achieved positively through elections. Elections are part of the democratic process, which are periodically held to provide opportunities for the electorates to make important decisions about policies and programmes, as well as choose representatives and the leadership through whom their decisions are expressed when votes are translated into state power. Thus, the PDP supporters in the last April 2011 polls, as part of their political strategies in order to win the hearts of the electorates, made use of some flowery songs, music and dancing to solicit support, such as: 1)jonathan lo le se o Lo o le se jonathan lo le se o Lo o le se [Only jonathan can do it Can do it Only jonathan can do it Can do it] (2)jonathan ni mo n ba lo Iya mi gbon danu [I am in support of Obasanjo I am free of want] Consequently, there are divergent views among scholars on the factors which influence elections and their outcomes. For instance, in America, some scholars oppose the widely held belief that the socio-economic structure of the society i s a major factor that influences voting pattern. Others are predicated on class, religion, language and ethnic groupings. While some opines that the major factors are: first, the level of voters’ awareness of the political parties in the political system and, second, the event to which voters identify with the various political parties contesting elections. Some other scholars, believes that voters’ decision in a two party system, for example, is determined by their tendency to make rational choice between the programmes and policies contained in the manifestoes of the two parties. For instance, the supporters of the former Governor of oyo State, came up with the encomium loaded songs itemizing their gains and trying to convince others as follows; Lawal yi naa ni, Akala o Lawal yi naa ni, Akala o O ko’le fun wa, Akala o O fun wa lo’wo, Akala o O ran wa ni Mecca, Akala o O fun wa lo’mi Akala o Lawa Lawa, Akala o [It’s the same Akala, Akala It’s the same Akala, Akala He built houses for us, Akala He gave us money, Akala He sponsored our pilgrimage to Mecca, Akala He provided water for us, Akala Akala, akala, akala. Based on the above, there is the tendency, therefore, for them to vote for the political party that appears to them to offer programmes and policies which best meet their material needs and aspirations. The aforementioned analogies draw us nearer to the focus of this research which is the employment of dance and music as a device by the political parties in order to reach the electorate. This is meant to get the people adequately informed on their policies. The political aspirants and their supporters have made use of music and dance to achieve tremendous support and various aims during campaigns. For instance, the dexterity of speeches that led into songs occasionally and transformed into complete music fused with dancing as witnessed and relayed on the television as campaign gimmicks, and physical display of loyalty, were captured as follows: (1)The category of songs, music and dance used to throw their unflinching support and loyalty for their candidates are: (a)Awolowo, baba OluwoleAwolowo, Oluwole’s father Iwo l’aa fi se It’s you we have chosen Iwo l’aa fi s’agba ileIt’s you we have made the head of the land Iwo l’aa fi se e. It’s you we have chosen. (b)Ta lo so p’a o ni babaWho says we don’t have father Kai ani babaYes, we have father Shagari ni baba wa Shagari is our father Kai a ni babaYes, we have father. (2)The other category of songs, music and dance used to solicit for more support include: (a)Laye Obasanjo ko sosiNo poverty during Obasanjo’s reign Eni o kawe o An uneducated person O n gbowo osuReceives salary Laye ObasanjoDuring Obasanjo’s time (b)Daddy, Mummy, Bukola ni eDaddy, Mummy, cast your vote for dibo funBukola (c)B’ojo ba su Don’t smoke when it is about e ma ma mu siga o to rain Olukoso ko gbodo ri’na oIt is a taboo for Olukoso to behold naked light Adelabu o gbodo ro’lopeAdelabu must not come in contact with the men of Palm tree symbol (Action Group) (d)Bi Jeje ba woleIf Jeje wins Gele mi a ta panpa My headgear will be stylish. (3)The other category of songs, music and dance used to either satirize individuals or opposition parties, also include: (a)Boo rowo miMy hand is visible O rokan miNot so my heart Demon ni mo wa Demo (NNDP) is my party. (b)Obasanjo ni mo n ba loI am in support of Obasanjo Iya mi gbon danu I am free of want. (c)Ponki la o ma sanyanWe shall eat pounded yam with relish Ponki la o ma sanyanWe shall eat pounded yam with relish B’owo ba ‘kukoIf we lay our hands on the cock Ponki la o mai sanyanWith relish we shall use it to eat pounded yam. (d)E ma’se bu Saraki (3ce)Don’t blame Saraki (3ce) Awon t’ofi si’po ni o dara It’s those that he put in power that are bad E ma’se bu SarakiDon’t blame Saraki (e)E o r’egbe wa bi? Behold our party Eyin te segbe yin jatijati Those of you rubbishing your party. (4)The other category of songs, music and dance are those produced by our Musicians/Poets who waxed records praising individuals or political parties in order get more support from the electorate. Example are: (a)Sir Shina Peters’-Titled ‘Mr. President’ in 1994 on Chief M. K. O. Abiola. (b)King Sunny Ade’s-Titled ‘Surprise’ in 1992 on Chief M. K. O. Abiola. (c)Chief Kolligton Ayinla’s-Titled ‘Kebe lomo’ in 2003 on Ex. Gov. Muhammed Lawal of Kwara State. (d)Saad Zungur -Prominent in the Northern part of Nigeria. (e)King Wasiu Ayinde Marshall’s- Titled ‘Aiyetoto’ in 2002 on Ex. Gov. Lam Adeshina of Oyo State. (f)Late Gbenga Adeboye’s-Titled ‘Aiyetoto’ in 2002 on ex. Gov. Lam Adeshina of Oyo State. The above examples show the forms and means by which our creative artistes (politicians) have displayed their peoples’ loyalties in order to support their candidate or parties. These are in forms of either traditional or contemporary music or dance medium. It would be betray scholarship intelligence to overlook the use of music as a form of protest or a way of accompanying political movements. I think it’s also interesting that politicians use it as a branding device, as a way of trying to indicate what sort of party they belong to or what kind of people they are. As a matter of course it is incredibly difficult to come across as a credible music fan if you are a politician When considering the role music played in the major totalitarian regimes of the century it is musics usefulness as propaganda that leaps first to mind. There is a complex relationship both between art music and politicised mass culture, and between entertainment and propaganda. Music is used as propaganda; music is also use as a form of national identity; musics role in shaping identities of self and as both resistance to and instrument of oppression. Artistes can also be seen as ‘town criers’ who satirise social foibles in order to make human society and living worthwhile. In fact, this is an important cultural element of developing countries that face extreme social and economic hardship. I will now set out points of view from Nigerian musicians that will provide a background to Nigerian music as a social voice. . Eedris Abdulkareem One contemporary musician who has devoted his music to commenting on Nigerian society is Eedris Abdulkareem. In his album Mr Lecturer where he chronicles the degeneration of the nation’s socio-economic and political structures, he titles one track Nigeria Jagajaga, a term literally meaning a state of disorderliness and chaos. He sings: Nigeria jagajaga, Nigeria in total disarray, Everything scatter scatter, Everything has scattered, Poor man dey suffer suffer†¦ The poor are suffering . . . Gunshots in the air†¦ Gunshots in the air . . . Due to the biting satiric thrust of the lyrics, Eedris was reported to have incurred the wrath of Nigeria’s former President, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, who scolded him for portraying Nigeria in negative terms. The song was said to have touched a wrong chord with the President who reportedly thumped the artiste’s head when he visited Aso Rock, the seat of power, with the Performing Musicians Association of Nigeria, PMAN. In his response, the President reportedly told Abdulkareem: â€Å"It is your papa and mama that are jagajaga†. Thus, in a subsequent album titled Letter to Mr President, Eedris attempts to shed light on the import of the signifier jagajaga, and the degeneration that has permeated Nigerian society, pointing out that his lyrics are a reflection of the realities that require urgent solutions. Specifically, he cites the endemic social vice of corruption which must be fought for the nation to develop. Chinagorom Onuoha The concerns of Eedris are given expression in the lyrics of another new breed of musician, Chinagorom Onuoha, also known popularly as African China. In his first album titled Crisis, he labels the Nigerian government as ‘bad’ for their perceived insensitivity to the plight of the ordinary people on the streets. Writing on the satirical thrust of African China’s message, The track, Our Government Bad, is a satirical x-ray of the pauparised state of citizens occasioned by perceived insensitivity of the government. He opines that there are no job opportunities for the ghetto man and if he eventually gets one, it would now be a battle for survival. Ingeniously blending raga tunes and social commentary into a stunning music tapestry, African China is unsparing in his caustic criticism of the government’s anti-people policies which have left Nigerians more impoverished than ever. In his second album titled â€Å"Mr President†, the musician continues with his musical preoccupation, expressing his disenchantment with the lack of basic social amenities such as water and good roads, coupled with the appalling scarcity of food in Nigeria. The musical social critic thus calls on the President and his team to attend to the problems, and put Nigeria on the right track so those at the grassroots level can benefit from good governance. Other popular artistes represent this new breed of Nigerian musicians, including Augustine Black Face Ahmedu, Femi Anikulapo-Kuti (the son of Fela Kuti), Tony Tetuila, and Lagbaja. They have, in their own ways, used the medium of music to reflect on the socio-economic conditions of Nigeria. However, it should be pointed out that the current relevance of their music is tied to the history of popular music in Nigeria where Fela Anikulapo-Kuti’s Afrobeat holds sway. The Influence of Fela Kuti’s Afrobeat on Popular Music in Nigeria Afrobeat is the name by which Fela’s music came to be known in the late 1960’s. It is the combination of Yoruba music, jazz, highlife and funk rhythms, fused with percussion and vocal styles. Fela, the main creator of this brand of music, used it to revolutionise musical structure as well as political context in Nigeria. Through his music, Fela became critical of the successive military governments that ruled Nigeria between the early 1970’s and the mid-1990’s. Commenting on the political climate in Nigeria when the military held the reins for two-thirds of the entire period of nationhood, The human rights situation regressed as the political public sphere shrank. Evidence of military pressure on the public sphere could be seen as wanton violation of rights through arbitrary arrest and detention, detention without trial, torture, indiscriminate killing, abduction, kidnapping and military attack. Fanning of ethnic and religious embers, and general brutality against public psyche became commonplace. The language of hegemonic discourse was further entrenched through the sole control of the electronic media by the state, and even when by the mid-nineties, licences were approved for private broadcast, allocation was largely to perceived client figures under a very strict regime of censorship. It was precisely in this atmosphere that Fela emerged with his Afrobeat form, first as a reformer and later as an activist and artiste. In terms of lyrical content, Fela constantly questioned received notions through his strongly expressed political commentaries, rude jokes, parodies, and bitter sense of humour and satire. The predominant persona of his narrative is a troubadour in quest of justice and fair play, trenchant and uncompromising in exploring the nuances of everyday life and depicting the subject as victim of authoritarian constructions’. It is not surprising that successive Nigerian governments expressed morbid fear of Afrobeat. In fact, the Nigerian state forbade the airing of this musical expression while encouraging other mass music forms like juju through generous allocation of air time and patronage. Explaining the rationale for this preference, Unlike Afrobeat, juju does not challenge its ideological assumptions or the elite project to â€Å"reproduce its structure of dominance†. Herein lies the uniqueness of Fela’s Afrobeat form, which, even as a popular musical idiom, exhibits a rare capacity to locate society’s sense of place, time and event, while also challenging the patronage structure on all these fronts. Many factors inform the classification of Fela’s musical practice as popular art. An important distinction is the relationship between the artiste and his/her audience. Fela was invariably reenacting the subversive professional oral historian of ancient times, with the burden of delivering his art uncorrupted by material lure. Afrobeat, a subversive musical and cultural performance, had to shoulder the task of the brewing post-independence confrontation in Nigeria. The musical genre was not accepted because of ‘its breezy, generally covert political themes, obsessively hedonistic lyrics; of transcendental love, of women and wine; and a rather sedate rhythmic structure. It is interesting to note that the satirical thrust of the musical form of Afrobeat performers operates within the generic brand that calls â€Å"yabis† music. Yabis music, as a phenomenon, does exist in the works of many contemporary Nigerian popular musicians, regardless of their techniques and styles of performance – reggae, soul, rock, rap, afrobeat, and so forth. That is the reason why musicians such as Eedris Abdulkareem, African China, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, Femi Kuti (Fela’s son), Seyi Akinlolu (beautiful Nubia), and a host of others are all having some yabis songs to their credit. abis as ‘a biting satirical song that is deliberately composed with the aim of correcting an atrocity, a misdemeanour or sacrilege committed by an individual or a corporate body within a particular society’. He notes that this brand of music was pioneered and propagated by the late Fela Anikulapo-Kuti who, during his Friday night musical show known as Yabis Night, cr iticised the government for corrupt practices and insensitivity to the suffering of the people. Satirical music is not new among many African societies. For example, among the Egbado people of the Yoruba in Nigeria, the phenomenon is known as â€Å"Efe†. Efe music, which integrates masks and dance, provides an ample opportunity for its performers to criticise, deride and ridicule any individual member or an organisation of whatever status in the community who had contravened the laws and ethics of that particular society. This is done under the auspices of conventional artistic immunity, which implies that artistes cannot be arrested, detained or punished for taking part in a live performance of satirical music or drama. Despite being largely satirical in both its concept and content, yabis music still has some roles which it performs in the nation’s music scene. The stimulating or motivating role whereby the music brand serves as a stimulant or motivator, moving the people into action against oppressive and repressive forces in Society. There is also the propaganda role by which the exponents criticise governments, systems and society, with the purpose of forcing them to change anti-societal programmes. Furthermore, yabis music portrays life in its base society. This is because artistes create their works from raw materials supplied by events in society. Finally, the music brand performs the great role of cultural revival; its practitioners use it to antagonise the dominance of western cultural values over those of Africa, at the same time try to extol the beauty of African cultural heritage. Chapter 4: Music and electioneering campaign in south western Nigeria Music performances are central to artistic expression and experience in African tradition. Music performance is the act of playing musical instrument, singing with the voice, dancing with the body, or acting in a music drama. Musical performance in Africa maintains an integral relationship with other aspects of life. A notable feature of this interaction, as we have stressed, is the fact that music is often performed in a multi –media context in which dance, elaborate costume, mime, poetry and drama are featured in a total theatre spectacle. The location of this otal theatre spectacle within the context of religious, social and political activities underlines the indigenous perception of music. As an expressive idiom combines musical and are characterized by an engaging interaction between professional musicians. we forsake the conscious, constructive use and power of music to our loss In interpreting this fully, it means the product of music in the electioneering campaign must be able to function at the best and highest levels of the countrys political development. In the traditional Yoruba society, songs and music occupied a unique place in the preparation, mobilization and prosecution of war. The importance of songs in instigating conflict is aptly captured by a Yoruba proverb that says â€Å"orin ni isaaju ote†, meaning songs herald hostilities. Scholars has examine the importance of drums, chants and songs among the Yoruba and aver that more than their entertainment roles, they perform religious, social and military purposes. As a communicative device, songs are employed for inspiring warriors and for lunching verbal assault in inter-personal conflicts. In many instances verbal assaults often result in physical assaults such that thought is provoked about the linguistic process that accentuates a conflict. Songs of assaults are almost always accompanied by cheering, laughing and savouring of the exchanges, until the conflict intensifies into brawl. What this implies is that the metaphors or linguistic devices employed in songs are not innocent and should be taken seriously. Songs of assault have a long history, and can function not only on a personal level but also as politically effective weapons. Campaign and post election pretest song in Hausa language songs are situated within this frame, and like war songs. This communication through artistic medium open up danger and provocation against the person the artist sing about. Just like the elections during the colonial rule, first, second and third republics, songs have continued to play a key and dominant role in Nigeria Fourth Republic post election protest songs. 1999-2003 Experience It would be recalled that Nigeria got her independence in October 1960 from the colonial masters. The democratic exercise can, therefore, be described to have commenced from that period. Hitherto, colonialists were in power and the process of administration cannot be said to be fully democratized. Although, consultations took place and there were other semblance of democracy in the process of administering local and regional governments, it cannot be defined as a full fledged democracy. With the attainment of independence, Nigerians were faced with a new and alien system of government. It was not only foreign but because the process of democracy involves the formation of political parties on the basis of political ideologies and manifestoes, competition became imperative. For that reason, the politicians quickly perceived music as a powerful instrument that can be used not only to convince the voters to vote for them but also to influence the people up to the grassroots level. Music becomes a singular instrument that is not alien to the people whether they belong to the elite class or the popular class. All other instruments of advertisement and persuasion by the politicians are somehow alien and may not cut across the entire segment of the communities. The theatre, therefore, becomes a unique instrument that was utilized in the campaigns leading to the Fourth Republic between 1999 and 2003. The conceptual paradigm in theatrical experience of that period must be perceived against the background of the military rule in Nigeria. Of the 43 years of Nigeria’s independence, the military ruled for about 22 years. This confers an imperative significance on the use of music. Hitherto, the military had ruled without any serious consultation or any mandate from the people. The democratic system demands not only consultation, but mandate from the people. The need for persuasion to earn the voters’ favour enhances the use of music. Thus, it has been observed that at various times in history, groups with a particular message to teach, a sermon to preach have used the music as an immediate, effective and entertaining means of direct communications. In the 1999-2003 electioneering campaigns, the politicians engaged themselves in the use of music in different forms and styles. Songs were composed to present politician’s cases. The politicians themselves were engaged in singing. When the occasion demands for it, the politicians did not mind dancing and digging some theatrical steps in front of their enthusiastic supporters. Music was played premeditatively to capture the attention and interest of the crowd of supporters. In addition to call and response, the politicians sometimes encouraged their supporters to clap and sing along with them, so as to build-up a psychological compliance to their request for votes. One of the interesting highlights of the 2003 electioneering campaign was the transformation that was observed in the personality of the PDP Presidential candidate. Here was a man known as a career and disciplined soldier turned into a politician who is now engaged in the use of all forms of theatrical gimmicks, including dancing, singing, clapping and gesticulations in order to win not only admiration but also the support of the crowd. If a man of his caliber can transform himself thus, from his military posture, how much could one expect from the professional politicians when it comes to the use of theatre? Therefore, the fact that democracy is all about conviction and not coercion, justifies the use of theatrical means. In addition, democracy also implies advertisement of the politician’s manifesto and music is an effective medium for this. The Late Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, used his music to preach against political domination, oppression, economic hardship, unemployment and nepotism It is the view of this effort that music plays a highly important function in creating awareness in the framework of mass-mobilizing the populace towards the next general election. If music is used as a cross-fertilization of ideas through the medium of television or radio, then the electioneering campaign will be made easy to reach the teeming population who are willing to hear what each political party need to deliver to deliver to electorate What the people hear or listen must have a communicative power and this is one of the reasons politicians had used music to their advantages. Only through music can political parties and politicians get their information to the grassroots, it is like advertisement which is used to reach out to the public. Whatever message to be set into music must have common objectives of attracting positive reaction and which will work with the people for the upliftment and good of the citizenry information must be of relevance to the genuine, development and also involve social participation. This implies that music is a useful tool in dissemination of information. It is only through it that the electioneering campaign can reach the grass root. For example, The October 20 governorship election in Ondo State has come and gone. But the memories it left in terms of the role played by artistes for the candidate of each of the three main political parties – Labour Party, Action Congress of Nigeria and the Peoples Democratic Party – will remain fresh in the mind of the voters and the state as a whole. At the rallies held across the local government councils and the three senatorial constituencies in the Sunshine State, musicians engaged in a battle of wit as each dished out songs to canvass votes for the candidate who engaged their services. Prominent among them was the Bonsue Fuji creator, Adewale Ayuba, who called on the people of the state to re-elect the LP government candidate, Dr. Olusegun Mimiko, who eventually won the election. Ayuba sang that with the feats of the governor in his first term, he would take the state to another level when re-elected. Ilaje gospel singers, Debo Ojubuyi and Lekan Remilekun-Amos,   were also available to deepen the rallies of the LP with Christian music. Notable dramatists such as Sunday Omobolanle (Aluwe) Olofa Ina, Yemi Ayebo otherwise called Yemi My Lover and Saheed Balogun joined the artistes as the campaigns drew to a close. The actors were at their best, singing, dramatising and dancing. The performance of Aluwe was so good that Mimiko’s wife gave him a handshake as he was leaving the stage. The ACN proved that it is not new to electioneering too as it engaged popular fuji singer, Wasiu Ayinde (KI), to thrill its supporters. He actually showed that he is an experienced musician as he urged the people of the state to   cast their votes for the party’s candidate, Mr. Rotimi Akeredolu, SAN. Perhaps, trying to use different strategies, the PDP did not really explore much in terms of music. It was generally focusing on how to sell its manifesto. The musicians, by their creativity in blending music with politics, have shown that music is an integral part of any society. In attempt to educate the people, music should be used to get something done and equally used in controlling behavior, thought and character. Its Communicative role is a two-way traffic, a dialogue when used realistically; and also, it provides adjustment and redirection for political enlightenment. Sometimes, slogans in form of music are used in political rallies and campaign Songs like â€Å" come out and vote it is your right, come out and choose your leaders for the future of your children† were played by INEC. Sunny Ade was also used to sing Nigeria yi ti gbogbo wani (this Nigeria is for all of us) during the 2011 post election violence in some part of the country. Musical Forms in the Election Mobilization Songs Different musical forms were observed in the songs for political mobilizations for elections in 2011. Selected songs below are examples of songs in different forms: Olarun opolo Olarun opolo Gomina to d’agbale oja Olarun opolo Meaning He is mentally deranged He is mentally deranged The Governor who turns a market sweeper He is mentally deranged The song above is a song against Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) with the broom as the party’s symbol. The song is also a simple tune in through-composed form. Another song also in through-composed asserts that the party will win the election. See the song below: Egbe wa ni o wole Egbe wa ni o wole E ba na’wo na’wo ke d’onigbese Egbe wa ni o wole Meaning The victory of our party is certain The victory of our party is certain You can overspend and go bankrupt The victory of our party is sure The form of the song above is through-composed. It uses a simple folk tune in it composition. Another campaign song for President Goodluck Jonathan is written below: Goodluck to you,goodluck to me goodluck to every body,goodluck Nigeria o The song above is part of the campaign song composed and performed for Goodluck Jonathan. The song promises goodluck to Nigerians, as an individual and as a nation. It promises better living condition of Nigerians, which includes; better education for Nigerian youths, good governance and better economic growth. The song is through composed musical form. The PDP gubernatorial candidate in Oyo state Alao Akala Christopher had a team of singers that campaigned for him one of the songs is written below: All- A egbe mi ewa sia PDP lonfe lele, Alao Akala eni Olorun yan kose lekeji, Egbe olomburela egbe PDP, egbe onire tide kire wole wa, Solo-Efibo gbe debe kowole,Chorus-Alao Akala leni Olorun yan o, Solo-Eni olorun yan lawanfe, Chorus-Alao Akala leni Olorun yan o, Solo-PDP, Chorus- power to the people. Meaning Oh my comrades see the flag of PDP flying, Alao Akala is the person God has chosen to go for second term, Its umbrella party, it Peoples Democratic Party, A party with a good will, Please use your vote and let him win, Alao Akala is God’s anointed. The song employ a religious song tune. It elucidates PDP as a party with its flag of victory flying in Oyo state. It also postulates the divine candidacy of the PDP gubernatorial candidate for the 2011 gubernatorial election in Oyo state. That God’s anointed to govern Oyo state is Alao Akala. It also call on the good people of Oyo state to allow him to win the 2011 gubernatorial election by voting massively for him. call and response antiphonal form, the through-composed form The song below is by rival party of Governor Alao Akala. The song form is through-composed. Gbo ohun awon Akala toun korin Gbo ohun awon Akala toun korin Won korin tibon tibon Won korin tobe tobe Gbo ohun awon Akala toun korin Hear the sounds of Governor Akala singing Hear the sounds of Governor Akala singing They campaigning with guns and cutlass They campaigning with guns and cutlass Hear the sounds of Governor Akala singing One of the chieftains of PDP also sang during one of the campaign rally that it is a must for PDP to win in Southwestern part of Nigeria. See one of the song below: Lau erebe erebe lau, Lau erebe erebe lau Obasanjo onigba kadibo Kamawoleo lau erebe erebe lau Meaning Lau erebe erebe lau Lau erebe erebe lau Obasanjo will not agree For election to be rigged Lau erebe erebe lau Lau erebe is Yoruba folk tune. The song emphasizes that Obasanjo will not agree for 2011 elections to be rigged. This is an irony considering the do or die election campaign slogan or chant that he choruses during the 2007 general elections. The song is through compose musical form. Chapter 5: Other impacts of music Socio-Cultural And Religious Impact, an example of Ayinla omowura’s music Music in Nigeria is always functional. It has been closely knitted with lots of social activities such as sporting activities, mass media, to mark ritual activities, like weddings or funerals and most importantly, for entertainment and artistic enjoyment. There are renditions for different occasions for stimulation. For instance, music helps to keep the rhythm of workers on the field especially farmers, mechanics, hunters, weavers, dyers, bricklayers, carpenters and even traders. Nowadays music has been associated with sporting activities and it seemed music is the delicious soup with which the sumptuous dinner of sports is taken. Artistes have produced works aimed not only at providing support but also to boost the morale of the national teams as well as restore confidence in the mind of both the spectators and the masses. Example of such music was performed in Ayinla Omowura’s album tagged the ‘Challenge Cup’. He Sings: comentiri to n’lo ni gboro mo fe yan leti araye ni Legosi ’74) 2ce iroyin o to afoju ba Challenge Cup ton gba ni josi (Ayinla Omowura and his Apala group, volume 6:1:1. ) The above song is translated thus: The commentary that is prevalent now I want to bring it to the hearing of the world in Lagos ’74)2ce seeing is believing in the Challenge Cup they played not quite long ago. Traditional music such as Apala is one of the strongest agents of cultural reflection. One method of finding out about culture of a people is to examine how they conceptualise their music. Music is a stable cultural trait and therefore provides a useful basis for determining the diffusion of other cultural traits. For instance, an ancient African drum in a museum may be an object of the art, but musicologist will want to play on it so as to find out what kind of sound it produces and to what use it is put, an archeologist will be interested in examining the Wood work to determine its make and age, while a historian will be curious about its historical origins and dispersal patterns. In the same vein, music is used during national festivals like the festivals of arts and culture, Independence Day celebrations and so on. Below is Ayinla Omowura’s music on the national census conducted in Nigeria in 1973. Anfani senso yi po fun eni ti o leti sunmo mi nibi November 25, 1973 lojo Sunday †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(Ayinla Omowura and his Apala group, volume 5:1:1). It is translated thus: Advantages of census is much for those who do not understand move closer to me November 25, 1973 on Sunday.. Apala music has a very prominent role in religion as it unites the mind with the body and soul and equally serves as a perfect linkage with God. Music also set one free from physical and spiritual bondage. The role of music in religious observance of the Yoruba cannot be overstated. Either in traditional or in the foreign religions, music is an important adjunct to all religious services. Music has spiritual functions especially in the worship of various deities, giving thanks, purification of the individual groups or community, warding off evil forces, imagined or real enemies as well as appeasing offended deities for violation of taboos or social morality. Ayinla Omowura’s Apala music has this spiritual function in that they talk about God’s protection, love, kindness, generously and hope. Various forms of prayers are said during the performance of Omowura’s music; he offered prayer of long life for his clients and fans and the society. In all, prayer is an important feature of Apala music. Ayinla Omowura in his volume 13 urged the society to offer prayers to God, so that all will be well with our land, economy and the world at large. He sings: Ile aye den yi lo sopin )2ce Omo Adamo se n’ roju aye gbogbo nkan lo ti won bi oju Gari two naira ko ju teni meji†¦( Ayinla Omowura, volume 13:2:1) It is translated thus: The world is coming to an end (2ce Everyone, are you seeing what the world is turning to, everything has become very costly two naira Gari is not enough for two people†¦ Therefore, musicians are in their own right political cum musical enigmas, held in awe by their supporters and can sway political fortunes in favour or against any politician in the society. The example given below is an excerpt from Ayinla Omowura’s music- â€Å"Eyin oselu wa† (You our politicians). Leader: K’okunrin ri ejo, ki obirin pa ki ni awa nfe Chorus: ki ejo ma se lo la wa n’fe k’alagbada ko k’agbada ka jo ma se Ijoba ko ’leewo ki Naijiria sa ti r’oju (Ayinla Omowura, volume 16:1:1) The song is translated thus: Leader: if a man sees a snake and a woman kills it what do we want? Chorus: what we want is for the snake not to escape be it civilian or not, let us govern together provided Nigeria is at peace. As political and economic power is inseparable in government, so it is in music. Thus, musician eulogize individuals in government in other to enrich their pockets. An excellent rendition of music on functions could evoke deep rooted emotions from lovers and fans, who in high spirit could ‘plaster paper currency’ on the forehead and other parts of the body of the musician. This act is popular, and is called spraying. It is the expected reward for good performance. Aside from reward of an excellent performance from the fans, the music industry has become a very lucrative business in present day Nigeria. It is no longer seen as a job of nonentities, but rather they are called celebrities. Conclusion There is hardly any aspect of life without the involvement of music. Just as the traditional music is vital to the continued existence of the traditional society and culture, so also is popular music necessary for the survival of contemporary Nigerian social life. Of all the genres of music existing in contemporary Nigerian society, popular music in one form or the other is of great importance because its ability to appeal cuts across class, ethnic groups, age, nationality, gender and faith, thus affecting millions of people. The uncertainties of life, helplessness and impotence in the face of the prevailing socio-economic hardships have resulted to a lot of patronage of the gospel musician whose music provides solace from the scores of material and spiritual problems. The fact that Nigerians are able to survive enormous hardship caused by economic, political, religious and social and ethnic instabilities requires that some credit be rendered to popular music for it contributes in no small measure to the alleviation of the stress and strain connected with these conditions through entertainment and relaxation. The general wellbeing of individuals is achieved, which results to a more stable society and higher productivity. Apart from entertainment and relaxation, Nigerian popular music contributes significantly to other areas of human endeavour. The impact of the popular music on the national economy cannot be overestimated. Nigerian popular music has been able to raise the standard of living by creating more job opportunities in the nation. The establishment of subsidiary industries, which have created jobs and incomes for the musicians and the personnel of the recording studios, storage and marketing agencies, is a direct consequence of the music industry in Nigeria. The patronage of popular music helps create new identities and social bond, and consequently, stability in the country. This is because individuals with age-long and deep-seated animosities from various faiths, geographical locations, ethnic groups, socio-economic and educational backgrounds can identify with it. Music is one of the strongest tools for cultural uniqueness and self identity in the life of any society. Concerning the unstable nature of the African nations and the role music can play in it, Music is not only a great harmonious influence in general, it can also assist in sustaining broad cultural solidarity and to some extent help to resist the inter-group rivalry that cause so much bloodshed in Africa and elsewhere’. It is a well-known fact that there is sustainable development where there is no conflict. The song text ‘reflects mechanisms of psychological release and the prevailing attitudes and values of a culture. Thus the lyrics of the Nigerian popular musicians capture the concerns of the Nigerian society – protection, survival, material prosperity, belief in God, fear of the supernatural, love unity and stability. The song text is a very powerful tool and when employed tactfully contributes inestimably to the general well-being of individuals. It is very effective at the ‘vanguard of protest movements’ and gives eloquence to voices that are otherwise muted and uffled’. Song texts are indicators of culture rich in insights into concepts, value systems, societal norms and behaviours. Just like traditional music, popular music also helps to maintain the continuity of the tradition including history and literature through their beautiful verses rich in onomatopoeia, figures of speech, idioms and proverbs. Popular music is an agent of social control a s it is sometimes used to regulate social order in the form of reward and punishment through admonition and ridicule, in effect, it inculcates good morals. Popular music provides information through the song text as to the social, political and economic climate within and outside the society. Public enlightenment and government’s mobilization programs are made very effective through the enlisting of popular and glamorous personalities, particularly the popular musicians deviate to â€Å" make their own musical It can, therefore, be suggested that it is high time the experts in the fields be called upon to ably sensitize the people and the political group on the relevances that music, have in the propagation of stable politics. Also here is need for government to ensure the participation of professionals who are scholars of repute in the area of music politics and administration, in the political process in order to apply their theatrical experience to the poltiical development of Nigeria. In conclusion, it is clear from investigations that the society is the bane of democratic freedom in Nigeria. It was evidently displayed and confirmed in the last elections that power resides in the electorate. Therefore, music is a medium have been well employed to further educate, inform and instruct the populace. It has also been used to relieve people of tension, as they were effectively employed for prevention of rigging. They were also used for campaigns at rallies, for political slogans on Radio/Television in order to educate and re-orientate the electorates. Thus, we believe that they do more than entertainment of people. They equally project the goals of the political parties. There is, no doubt, that music and dance are tools/instruments of political communication in Nigeria’s fourth republic.